Cognitive Function in Individuals with Chronic Hypoparathyroidism—A Prospective Observational Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: "Brain fog" is a frequently reported, distressing experience among individuals with chronic hypoparathyroidism, characterized by reduced concentration and reduced ability to perform day-to-day tasks. However, evidence linking chronic hypoparathyroidism to cognitive impairment is limited and inconsistent. This study aimed to explore cognitive function in these patients using a validated neurocognitive test battery, compare results with a matched healthy control group, and analyze the frequency of cognitive impairment based on normative data. METHODS: The participants' cognitive performance was tested using a cognitive test battery, including the Trail Making Test A/B, the Color-Word Interference Test, and the California Verbal Learning Test. These tests were used to evaluate the cognitive domains of attention and processing speed, verbal learning and memory, and executive function. In total, 30 individuals with hypoparathyroidism and 30 healthy controls were included. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients were women (80.0%), with a median age of 44.5 ± 13.1 and a median disease duration of 8.7 years (±5.3). Individuals with chronic hypoparathyroidism showed poorer cognitive performance in attention and processing speed [F(1,57) = 8.65, P = .005*, η2 = 0.13] compared to healthy controls. A significantly higher percentage of patients had cognitive deficits in both attention and processing speed (56.7% vs 3.3%) and executive function (60.0% vs 16.7%). CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that cognitive dysfunction, particularly in attention and processing speed, is common in chronic hypoparathyroidism. Recognizing cognitive impairment in these patients is crucial, especially when discussing workability. Neuropsychological training as an adjunct therapy strategy may be beneficial in managing these cognitive deficits.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".