Neighbourhood walkability and transportation and leisure physical activity by residency status: A cross-sectional analysis of nationally representative Canadian data
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: We aimed to 1) estimate the differences in transportation (TPA) and leisure physical activity (LPA) participation and duration between Canadian-born and immigrant adults, and 2) examine whether associations between neighbourhood walkability and physical activity differ by residency status. Methods: We linked Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS; 2017-2018) with Canadian Active Living Environment (2016) data. Participants were urban Canadian-born or immigrant adults (recent: <10 years, established: ≥10 years). Walkability was calculated from counts of neighbourhood intersections, dwellings, and points of interest. Covariate-adjusted Generalized Linear Models estimated the odds ratios (OR) for participation and unstandardized β for minutes of weekly TPA and LPA by residency status with and without adjustment for walkability and for walkability-by-residency interactions. Results: Recent (OR: 1.25, 95%CI: 1.09, 1.43) and established immigrants (OR: 1.11, 95%CI: 1.02, 1.20) were more likely than Canadian-born to participate in TPA, but these differences attenuated after controlling for walkability. Recent (OR: 0.58, 95%CI: 0.51, 0.67) and established immigrants (OR: 0.81, 95%CI: 0.74, 0.89) were less likely than Canadian-born to participate in LPA, independent of walkability. Recent (β: -20.61, 95%CI: -37.89, -3.34) and established immigrants (β: -18.85, 95%CI: -28.69, -9.00) undertook fewer LPA minutes than Canadian-born, which attenuated after controlling for walkability. Despite being higher in magnitude among Canadian-born, walkability was positively associated with TPA participation and duration regardless of residency status. Conclusions: Immigrants engaged in more TPA and less LPA than Canadian-born but adjusting for walkability attenuated TPA differences between residency groups. Walkability was positively associated with TPA, with different magnitude between residency groups.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".