Concerns regarding proposed groundwater Earth system boundary
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Groundwater, the largest store of accessible freshwater on Earth, is under increasing pressure as a resource 1 and its over-exploitation can harm dependent ecosystems, increase the severity of hydrological drought, and cause land subsidence and salinization 2 . It is, therefore, a welcome development that groundwater has been explicitly incorporated in the endeavour to quantify safe and just Earth system boundaries (ESBs) in a recent article by Rockström et al. 3 . However, here we raise concerns about the proposed groundwater ESB, by showing how it is based on an incorrect conceptual understanding of groundwater system dynamics and nomenclature. The proposed boundary is thus potentially misleading, with important implications for assessing the global status of groundwater resources with regards to safe and just water management.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.012 | 0.044 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.041 | 0.036 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".