Reply to: Concerns regarding proposed groundwater Earth system boundary
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Groundwater is widely used for domestic and agricultural purposes, but is subject to increasing risks from overexploitation. Responding to this global significance, we recently defined a safe and just Earth system boundary (ESB) for groundwater 1 and, in the absence of a consistent data source on baseline aquifer volumes, used derived estimates of groundwater storage (GWS) from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission data to assess the state of the Earth system with respect to the ESB for groundwater. In the accompanying Comment 2 , Cuthbert et al. agree that our effort to define a groundwater ESB is timely and important, but they assert that our approach is “flawed, unsafe and unjust”. Their concerns reflect misunderstandings of the definition and purpose of the boundary, a misunderstanding of the ‘safe’ and ‘just’ concepts 3 that underpin our work, a lack of confidence in the use of GRACE data to calculate changes in GWS, and the possibility of confusion related to the use of some terms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".