Laying hens prefer softer over harder mineral-based pecking stones and peck them more at the end of the light period
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mineral-based pecking stones (PS) are edible enrichments for poultry that comprise a high proportion of calcium. We aimed to determine whether laying hens prefer a Soft (easier to ingest) versus a Hard mineral-based PS with the same calcium content, if pecking at PS follows a diurnal pattern similar to calcium appetite, and whether the PS affects eggshell quality. Shaver White laying hens housed in groups of 3 in furnished cages (N = 38) were given either a Hard or Soft PS for 15 days, followed by a 6-day washout period of no PS, and then the opposite PS type for an additional 15 days (Phase 1). After a second 6-day washout period, all cages received both Hard and Soft simultaneously for a 14-day preference test (Phase 2). PS disappearance was quantified by weighing. PS pecking and feeding behaviors were quantified from video recordings of 20 cages scanned at 15 min intervals for 2 days in each treatment period. Egg weights, shell breaking strength and thickness were determined 4 times in Phase 1. In Phase 1, disappearance increased from the first to second period (P = 0.001) and was even greater when the hens had been given Hard then Soft, compared to the opposite sequence (P = 0.0229). PS-pecking was also greater in the second treatment period compared to the first (P = 0.0027). In Phase 2, Soft disappearance was greater than Hard (P < 0.0001), but PS-pecking at the Soft was only greater than that of the Hard when the hens had received the Hard-Soft sequence in Phase 1 (P = 0.0061). The hens showed more PS-pecking behavior towards the end of the light period (∼15:00-18:00) (P < 0.0001). Both eggshell breaking strength (P < 0.0001) and thickness (P = 0.0001) were affected by treatment period suggesting improvement in eggshell quality as ingestion of PS increased. This study shows that hens' previous experience with PS influenced their use. It provides some evidence that hens' use of PS is related to their diurnal calcium appetite and affects eggshell quality.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".