Altered use of extraretinal information during sequential saccadic eye movements among people with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with psychotic features
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Impaired corollary discharge (CD) signalling disrupts the ability to predict the sensory consequences of one’s own actions; impaired CD signalling may be specific to schizophrenia or it may also be a transdiagnostic mechanism of psychosis. We sought to assess whether disruptions in oculomotor CD signalling are equally present in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (BD) with psychotic features, and whether these putative CD disruptions relate to anomalous self-experiences. Methods We recruited patients with schizophrenia and patients with BD with psychotic features, as well as healthy controls, to complete a double-step saccade task. On each trial, 2 visual targets (T1 and T2) flashed in rapid succession. For half of the trials, participants could use visual information to look at T2. For the other half, looking correctly at T2 required CD. Results We included 66 patients with schizophrenia, 43 patients with BD with psychotic features, and 37 healthy controls. On trials requiring CD, patient groups were significantly less accurate than controls in localizing T2 ( F2,131 = 8.40, p < 0.001). This reduced accuracy was related to difficulty in compensating for variability in the first saccade ( F2,131 = 9.11, p < 0.001). Among controls, anomalous self-experiences predicted worse performance ( F1, 57 = 14.23, p < 0.001). Limitations Our sample comprised stable outpatients with relatively low symptom scores, which may limit the generalizability of our results. Conclusion These results suggest CD impairments may be a marker of predisposition for psychosis. However, observed inconsistencies suggest that this relationship is nuanced.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".