Psychiatric Comorbidities in Persons With Epilepsy Compared With Persons Without Epilepsy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Importance: Several psychiatric disorders have been found to occur more frequently in persons with epilepsy (PWE) than in persons without epilepsy. Objective: To summarize the prevalence of 20 psychiatric disorders in PWE compared with persons without epilepsy. Data Sources: The search included records from inception to February 2024 in Ovid, MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO. Study Selection: Published epidemiological studies examining the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among PWE compared with persons without epilepsy were systematically reviewed. There were no restrictions on language or publication date. Data Extraction and Synthesis: Abstracts were reviewed in duplicate, and data were extracted using a standardized electronic form. Descriptive statistics and meta-analyses are presented. Main Outcomes and Measures: Data were recorded on the prevalence of 20 psychiatric disorders among PWE compared with persons without epilepsy. Meta-analyses were performed along with descriptive analyses. Results: The systematic search identified 10 392 studies, 27 of which met eligibility criteria. The meta-analyses included 565 443 PWE and 13 434 208 persons without epilepsy. The odds of most psychiatric disorders studied were significantly increased in PWE compared with those without epilepsy, including anxiety (odds ratio [OR], 2.11; 95% CI, 1.73-2.58); depression (OR, 2.45; 95% CI, 1.94-3.09); bipolar disorder (OR, 3.12; 95% CI, 2.23-4.36); suicidal ideation (OR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.75-2.88) but not suicide attempt (OR, 3.17; 95% CI, 0.49-20.46); psychotic disorder (OR, 3.98; 95% CI, 2.57-6.15); schizophrenia (OR, 3.72; 95% CI, 2.44-5.67); obsessive-compulsive disorder (OR, 2.71; 95% CI, 1.76-4.15); posttraumatic stress disorder (OR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.14-2.73); eating disorders (OR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.73-2.01); alcohol misuse (OR, 3.64; 95% CI, 2.27-5.83) and alcohol dependence (OR, 4.94; 95% CI, 3.50-6.96) but not alcohol abuse (OR, 2.10; 95% CI, 0.60-7.37); substance use disorder (OR, 2.75; 95% CI, 1.61-4.72); autism spectrum disorder (OR, 10.67; 95% CI, 6.35-17.91); and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (OR, 3.93; 95% CI, 3.80-4.08). Conclusions and Relevance: In this comprehensive study, most psychiatric comorbidities examined were significantly more prevalent in PWE than in those without epilepsy. These findings show the high burden of psychiatric comorbidities in PWE. This, in turn, underscores the need for appropriately identifying and treating psychiatric comorbidity in epilepsy to manage patients effectively and improve quality of life.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.021 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".