Numerical Simulation and Parametric Analysis of Posttensioned C-Shaped CLT Shear Walls
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Posttensioned (PT) cross-laminated timber (CLT) shear wall systems provide a low-damage seismic solution for mid-rise and high-rise timber structures in high seismic regions. Experimental testing of 8.6-m-tall PT-CLT shear walls with three different configurations—single wall (SW), double wall (DW), and C-shaped core wall (CW)—demonstrated that effective coupling actions could be achieved in double and C-shaped walls using strong and stiff vertical in-plane and orthogonal joints. This paper extends the experimental study through numerical simulation in a three-dimensional domain to perform parametric analyses and assess a prototype 6-story PT-CLT CW system. A model unit of a SW was developed and then assembled to construct models for DW and CW in a 3D domain. Validation of the model was carried out against the test data. The developed model offered reasonable predictions for wall strength, stiffness, tendon force variation, slip at in-plane joints, and accumulated energy dissipation. The model limitations included its inability to account for out-of-plane motions for SW and its tendency to underestimate slip at orthogonal joints, with errors not exceeding 20%. A further parametric analysis investigated the effect of altering the spacing of in-plane and orthogonal joints on composite action (CA) values, strength, stiffness, and hysteretic damping of CW systems. Results revealed a consistent impact of fastener spacing on CW system properties, regardless of using 90° or mixed-angle screws. Decreasing spacing improved lateral resistance but could reduce energy dissipation capacity. In particular, in-plane joint spacing had a more pronounced effect on the CW performance than orthogonal joints. The model was employed to assess the seismic performance of a 6-story PT-CLT CW composed of two C-shaped walls. Through monotonic and cyclic pushover analyses, alongside capacity spectrum method utilization, the study demonstrated the viability of PT-CLT CWs in design scenarios. The model exhibited the potential for analyzing PT-CLT CWs with different configurations within a 3D domain.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it