Subjective experience, psychosocial functioning and different psychomotor clusters in catatonia: How are they connected?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Catatonia involves decreased, increased, and abnormal psychomotor activity, but most previous studies mainly focused on motor signs, neglecting the patients' subjective experiences. This study aimed to characterize psychomotor activity levels as introduced in the ICD-11 and their relation to subjectivity and overall psychosocial functioning in catatonia. We examined 54 patients with catatonia and 90 patients with schizophrenia spectrum- or mood disorders according to ICD-11 using an extensive battery of psychomotor-related clinical rating scales and Northoff Scale for subjective experience in catatonia (NSSC). For catatonia patients partial correlation coefficients between ICD-11 psychomotor clusters and their surrogate parameters were calculated. Group differences were analyzed using MANCOVA and post-hoc ANOVA. Finally, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was used to examine the classification value of the respective rating scales and different surrogate parameters of ICD-11-related psychomotor activity. In catatonia patients decreased psychomotor activity was associated with psychomotor retardation (p<.05)), while increased activity was positively correlated with impulsivity and negatively correlated with psychomotor retardation (both p-values<.01). Abnormal psychomotor activity was positively associated with stereotypies as well as mannerisms, affectation and posturing. Significant group differences were observed in subjective experience, social performance, trait anxiety, psychomotor slowing, processing speed, and cognitive functioning. LDA revealed that the respective psychomotor-related rating scales are capable of distinguishing between diagnostic groups, albeit with varying degrees of classification accuracy (61.8 %-87.5 %). We identified a relationship between varying levels of psychomotor activity, subjective experiences, and psychosocial functioning in catatonia as defined by the ICD-11. Future large-scale studies are needed to validate these findings and refine assessment tools, such as the NSSC, by integrating subjective experiences with objective rating scales. This approach could pave the way for more tailored treatment options that consider the unique subjective experiences of catatonia patients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".