The Impact of Minerals on Female Fertility: A Systematic Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Female fertility and reproductive system disorders are influenced by a complex interplay of biological, physiological, and environmental factors. Minerals have emerged as crucial yet often overlooked elements that impact fertility and the prevalence of reproductive system disorders. BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted role of minerals in female fertility, focusing on key areas such as oocyte quality, ovulation, embryo development, oxidative stress, miscarriage, hormonal regulation, environmental exposure, and in-vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted, focusing on randomized controlled trials (RCTs), prospective cohort studies, case-control studies, nested case-control, and observational studies examining mineral supplementation and nutrition in women planning pregnancy or utilizing assisted reproduction technologies (ARTs). Relevant literature was sourced from multiple electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library, using keywords related to minerals and female fertility. The quality of studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NCO) for non-randomized studies and the Risk of Bias (RoB) tool for RCTs. This systematic review has been registered on PROSPERO (registration number is CDR 42024547656). RESULTS: From an initial pool of 20,830 records, 39 articles met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. The studies addressed various reproductive outcomes influenced by minerals: embryo development, oocyte quality, oxidative stress, miscarriage, hormonal regulation, IVF outcomes, environmental exposure, and minerals as biomarkers. The analysis revealed that minerals like selenium, zinc, and copper are essential for maintaining reproductive health, while exposure to toxic metals such as cadmium and lead is detrimental. CONCLUSIONS: This review highlights the crucial role of both mineral supplementation and serum mineral status in female fertility. The findings provide key insights for clinicians to improve reproductive health through targeted mineral intake and monitoring. Further research is needed to refine guidelines for supplementation and serum levels in women with fertility issues.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".