Using ultrafast angio planewave ultrasensitive and conventional doppler imaging techniques to assess intramuscular blood perfusion in older adults
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Microvascular ultrasound imaging techniques such as Angio PLanewave UltraSensitive (Angio-PL.U.S.) have been used to detect microvascular blood flow in various organs and tissues. However, the advantage of Angio-PL.U.S. for assessing muscle microvascularity over other non-invasive imaging modalities has not been investigated. This cross-sectional study compared ultrafast Angio-PL.U.S. and conventional color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI) techniques for assessing intramuscular blood perfusion. METHODS: Forty-five older adults participated (age = 59.1 ± 7.6). The vascularity index (VI) was used to quantify intramuscular blood flow of the bilateral biceps brachii (BB) and medial gastrocnemius (MG). Intra-limb (difference in VI between CDFI and Angio-PL.U.S. techniques) and inter-limb differences [percent side-to-side differences (%SSD) in VI between dominant and non-dominant sides] were compared using Wilcoxon Signed Ranks and Mann-Whitney U tests, respectively. Associations between techniques were assessed using Spearman's rho (ρ). RESULTS: No significant differences were observed between dominant and non-dominant BB (p ≥ 0.053) and MG (p ≥ 0.756) for both CDFI-VI and Angio-PL.U.S.-VI. Only VI measures for the non-dominant BB demonstrated significant intra-limb difference between techniques (p = 0.002). A significant %SSD between techniques was observed for BB (p = 0.022) but not MG (p = 0.225). Strong to very strong correlations were observed between CDFI-VI and Angio-PL.U.S.-VI across all muscles (ρ = 0.616-0.814, p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSION: Ultrafast Angio-PL.U.S. and conventional ultrasound imaging techniques were comparable when used in conjunction with the VI for quantifying resting intramuscular blood flow. Angio-PL.U.S. appeared to be more sensitive in detecting bilateral disparities in upper extremity muscles. However, further research is needed to validate these findings and investigate the potential clinical utility of this technique for characterizing disease progression in populations with global or unilateral musculoskeletal tissue alterations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".