Biochemistry and differential mechanistic activity of antimicrobial lipopeptides from plant pathogen antagonists from the genus <i>Bacillus</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bacteria of the Bacillus genus produce various antimicrobial compounds that are effective against several plant pathogens. These Bacillus strains are proven plant pathogen antagonists, which produce cyclic lipopeptides (CLP) as a key group of antimicrobial compounds. Fengycins, iturins and surfactins are the three main families of CLP, which share a similar structure of an oligopeptide ring attached to a lipid tail. The proposed direct mechanisms of activity for CLP are their effects on the membranes of bacterial and fungal pathogens. These typically result in changes in the cell membrane structure, leading to pore formation, increased permeability and/or other membrane effects. The exact mechanisms of interaction with plant pathogen biomembranes and resulting outcomes are dependent on the family of CLP present. The differential activity of CLP against plant pathogenic fungi, oomycetes and bacteria indicates that specific determinants are required for their activity. Strains of Bacillus produce varying amounts of CLP, as well as other antimicrobial metabolites, which can influence their spectrum of activity, in a synergistic, additive, or negative manner. Further understanding of the overall variability and spectrum of activity of these antimicrobials is essential to evaluate the short- and long-term efficacy, and therefore sustainability of Bacillus spp. as biocontrol agents.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".