Ecotoxicity of a Representative Urban Mixture of Rare Earth Elements to Hydra vulgaris
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aquatic toxicity of realistic mixtures of rare earth elements (REE) is less understood. The purpose of this study was to examine the sublethal and lethal toxicity of an environmentally realistic mixture of five REE in Hydra vulgaris. The REE mixture was composed of 5 elements (Gd, Ce, Nd, Yb and Dy with a total REE loading of 13.7 µg/L) that were found in 6 municipal effluents at the same concentration ratios (1X). The organisms were exposed to increasing concentrations (0.5, 1, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100X) of the mixture for 96 h at 20oC. The lethal and sublethal toxicity was evaluated by morphological changes and the gene expression (mRNA) involved in oxidative stress, damaged protein salvaging (autophagy), regeneration, neural activity and oxidated DNA repair. The data revealed that the total REE concentration of the environmental mixture was well below the potential toxicity of REE, which occurs generally at concentrations > 200 ug/L. At the gene expression levels, effects occurred at concentrations below those reported in municipal effluents suggesting that these REEs could produce toxic effects on the long-term in hydra close to municipal effluent discharges.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".