Bacterial microbiota associated with raw plant-based meat analogue products and their influences on selective enrichment for Escherichia coli O157:H7
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Towards fostering a more sustainable food production system in face of the climate change challenge, alternative protein meat-substitute products that are plant-based and free of animal by-products have been gaining attractions from both food manufacturers and consumers. With these so-called plant-based meat analogues (PBMAs) becoming increasingly available at supermarkets, there is very little known about their microbial properties. In this short report, we characterized the bacterial composition of raw plant-based ground meat imitation retail products using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Despite the observed bacterial community dissimilarity between sample brands, a total of 18 shared genera (dominated by Bacilli and Gammaproteobacteria classes) were identified as the core constituents of the bacterial microbiota of these PBMA products. Within the scope of food safety testing, to gain insights on the dynamics of the enrichment process for E. coli O157:H7 in accordance with the Health Canada reference method MFHPB-10, bacterial taxonomic analyses were conducted at different stages of the prescribed cultural procedures. Using both control and E. coli O157:H7-inoculated PBMA samples it was revealed that, independent of the presence of E. coli O157:H7, off-target bacteria of the Clostridium sensu stricto 1 genus were significantly enriched from the uncultured samples. Additionally, the abundance of Hafnia-Obesumbacterium bacteria in the PBMA samples was also increased in the enrichment products, but only when E. coli O157:H7 was absent. Consistent with the spread-plating results indicating that the inoculated E. coli O157:H7 cells were capable of reaching a high density (> 10 8 CFU/ml) in the resultant enrichment cultures, the significant enrichment of bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences belonging to the targeted genus of Escherichia, but not Hafnia-Obesumbacterium . This further highlights the competitive nature of the selective enrichment for E. coli O157:H7 against specific background bacteria associated with the PBMA products. • The bacterial composition of raw plant-based ground meat imitation products were described using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing • A total of 18 genera were identified as the core constituents of these alternative protein products’ bacterial microbiota that is dominated by Bacilli and Gammaproteobacteria • The cultural dynamics of E. coli O157:H7 and product-associated bacteria was characterized under the two-step enrichment conditions prescribed by a Health Canada reference method • Apart from the E. coli O157:H7 target, significant co-enrichment of off-target bacteria including Clostridium sensu stricto 1 was also detected from artificially contaminated samples.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".