Impact of HIV exposure without infection on hospital course and mortality among young children in sub-Saharan Africa: a multi-site cohort study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Although mortality risk associated with HIV is well described, HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) young children are also at increased risk of hospitalization and death as compared to HIV-unexposed uninfected (HUU) children. The drivers of poor outcomes among HEU children remain unknown, limiting the development of interventions to support this vulnerable population. METHODS: We performed a secondary analysis of data from a large multi-country prospective cohort [Childhood Acute Illness and Nutrition (CHAIN) Network] study. Data from 5 sites in Uganda, Kenya, and Malawi were included. Hospitalized children aged 2-23 months were followed from an index admission for 6 months after discharge to determine acute and long-term outcomes. Using perinatal HIV exposure (HEU and HUU) as the primary exposure and adjusting for child, caregiver, and household characteristics, we compared inpatient and 30-day survival outcomes, nutritional status, hospital length of stay, illness severity, and utilization of inpatient resources. RESULTS: We included 1486 children: 217 HEU and 1269 HUU. HEU children had an increased risk of mortality both during hospitalization [adjusted OR 1.96, 95% CI (1.14-3.37)] and in the 30 days following hospital admission [adjusted hazard ratio 2.20, 95% CI (1.10-4.42)]. Wasting and stunting were more frequent in HEU than HUU children, with adjusted OR 1.41, 95% CI (1.03-1.95) and adjusted OR 1.91, 95% CI (1.34-2.70), respectively. HEU children were also more likely to have a prolonged hospital stay compared to HUU children [adjusted OR 1.58, 95% CI (1.08-2.29)], although admission diagnoses, illness severity at admission, and use of inpatient resources (supplemental oxygen, nasogastric tube, and second-line antibiotics) did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSIONS: HEU children are more likely to die during hospitalization and within 30 days of admission, to be wasted and stunted upon hospital admission, and to require a prolonged hospital stay, as compared to HUU children. Hospitals in settings with a high prevalence of women-living-with-HIV should ensure that maternal HIV status is established among children requiring admission and build capacity to provide additional hospital monitoring and early post-discharge support for HEU children.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".