Prevalence of depression in pediatric patients with diagnosed or at high risk for obstructive sleep apnea: A systematic review with meta-analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may increase the risk of depression through various hypothesized mechanisms. Studies regarding this relationship with children are limited. This systematic review aims to assess the prevalence of depression in pediatric patients with OSA. Five electronic databases, grey literature, and reference lists of included studies were systematically searched. Studies reporting the prevalence of depression, as described by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), psychiatric evaluation or other validated screening measures, in children with OSA diagnosed by polysomnography (PSG), or at high risk for OSA based on positive scores on other validated measures were included. The risk of bias was performed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Checklist for cross-sectional studies. Six studies from three countries and over 2300 pediatric patients were included. This meta-analysis showed an overall 28 % prevalence of depression among children with OSA or at high risk for OSA, which is almost two-fold higher than among children without OSA (controls). Overall, this meta-analysis suggests that around one out of every four children with or at high risk for OSA could have depression, and one in 10 children if OSA has been confirmed by PSG. Screening of OSA in pediatric patients with symptoms of depression and vice versa, screening of depressive symptoms in children with suspected or confirmed OSA, may be valuable areas of focus for multidisciplinary preventative care to optimize psychiatric treatment.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.029 | 0.004 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".