Development and application of the GATSI in measuring tourism sustainability in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cox's Bazar, home to the world's longest natural beach and a critical tourist hub in Bangladesh, faces significant environmental and socio-economic challenges due to its heavy reliance on tourism. Addressing the lack of spatial adaptability and integrated indicators in current sustainability measures, this study develops and applies the Geospatially Adaptive Tourism Sustainability Index (GATSI) to enable the assessment and visualization of tourism sustainability at both site-specific and broader scales. The index incorporates 30 economic, environmental, socio-cultural, and peripheral indicators aligned with the Bangladesh Tourism Board's functions. Data were collected through a closed-ended questionnaire survey, combining random sampling for broad representation and purposive sampling for in-depth insights, with measures to mitigate biases. Using the Suitability Modeler in ArcGIS Pro, single-value mean ratings were interpolated, revealing spatial variability in sustainability performance across the region. Economic and environmental indicators scored well in central and northern areas, likely due to better infrastructure, while socio-cultural and peripheral indicators highlighted governance and community engagement gaps. The GATSI values ranged from 1.43 to 4, classified into thresholds: extremely low (1.43–1.8), low (1.8–2.6), medium (2.6–3.4), and high (3.4–4.0). The average GATSI of 2.63 indicates medium sustainability, with island and sanctuary & parks demonstrating moderate levels, while cultural and nature-based tourism scored poorly. Although limited by seasonality, this study provides actionable insights for targeted policymaking and resource allocation and offers a replicable framework for other regions facing similar challenges. • Economic and environmental indicators generally performed well in central and northern areas, but socio-cultural and peripheral aspects needed improvement. • The GATSI values varied widely, from 1.43 (extremely low) to 4.00 (high) and an average of 2.63, indicating medium sustainability in Cox's Bazar. • Island, sanctuary & park tourism had moderate sustainability levels, while other types, such as nature-based, historical, and beach tourism, showed low to extremely low sustainability levels.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it