Critical representation of the clerical milieu in the era of Russian Great Reforms (1860s–1870s): a starting point for reforms or condemnation?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The paper investigates the predilection of Russian literature of the 1860s towards a critical representation of social reality, focusing on criticism aimed at the Russian Orthodox clergy. The author analyzes two novels written in the middle of the decade – Livanov (1864) by Mikhail Osokin and Na pogoste (At the churchyard, 1865) by Nikolai Blagoveshchenskii – to demonstrate both the objects of criticism and the literary devices used for this purpose. The analysis allows her to detect differences between two variants of criticism and place them within the literary and ecclesio-social context of the second half of the nineteenth century. She observes that a critical approach was characteristic of both journalists and writers who were deeply concerned about the state of the Church and were striving to revive it, and of those wishing to radically destroy the past. While the objects of their criticism were mainly identical, their literary texts differ in the way they employ plot, characterization, and stylistic devices to convey diverse ideological messages.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.026 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".