An investigation of wild bee communities in salt marsh and dyke habitats within the agricultural region of Nova Scotia, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Wild bees (Hymenoptera) that visit croplands rely on adjacent habitat to provide essential resources such as pollen, nectar, and nesting locations. This study compared wild bee assemblages on salt marshes and dykes, two coastal habitats proximal to cropland in Nova Scotia, Canada. We hypothesised that dykes would have a greater wild bee abundance and richness compared to salt marshes due to greater floral abundance and richness and nesting habitat availability. Wild bee richness and abundance differences between habitats were not significant. Most notably, Bombus (Latreille) and Megachildae (Latreille) bees were observed visiting a wind-pollinated salt marsh grass, Sporobolus michauxianus (Peterson and Saarela) (Poaceae). Several notable species were also observed, including the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada species of concern, Bombus terricola (Kirby) (Hymenoptera: Apidae), and Lasioglossum taylorae (Gibbs) (Hymenoptera: Halictidae), a first Nova Scotia record. Floral abundance and richness were significantly greater in dyke habitats. These results contradict other studies that indicate a tight relationship between wild bees and floral abundance and richness. To help conserve these wild bees and their contributions to agriculture, more research is needed to understand how these species use salt marshes and dykes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".