Hate or Love in the 2.4 GHz ISM Band: The Story of LoRa and IEEE 802.11g
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Long-Range (LoRa) is one of the main modulation techniques used for Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs). Recently, it has been extended from the sub-GHz band to the 2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band, enabling the construction of a LPWAN that benefits from global interoperability without duty-cycle limitations. However, the coexistence of LoRa with the other wireless technologies of the 2.4 GHz ISM band is a challenging question. In this article, we make the first performance evaluation of the interference between LoRa and Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) transmissions, by analyzing multiple parameters: LoRa channel occupancy, deployment topology, LoRa physical layer parameters, and the frequency channels used. We also perform simulations to extend our experimental results to other configurations. The performance evaluation is achieved using a generic methodology that can be applied to other wireless technologies. Finally, we provide recommendations for the use and deployment of LoRa that will improve its coexistence with Wi-Fi.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.009 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".