Dissolved nitrous oxide emissions associated with agricultural drainage water as influenced by manure application
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is highly water soluble and can be readily transported in waters draining from agricultural fields. Relatively few studies have quantified N2O losses through agricultural tile drainage systems and none have compared the effect of different sources of applied nitrogen or their timing of application. While IPCC guidelines provide estimates of emissions from agricultural drainage water, the uncertainty in these estimates is relatively high. This research quantifies N2O loss in tile drainage water, as influenced by nitrogen source and timing. The study site was located at Agriculture Canada research station, Harrington, PE, Canada and consisted of 12 plots with subsurface drainage systems installed at approximately 80 cm, separated by buffer drains. Three swine manure treatments were considered with inorganic fertilizer (ammonium nitrate) as a control, each replicated three times. Manure treatments included fall and spring application of solid swine manure and spring application of liquid swine manure, all applied to supply 120 kg N ha−1. The magnitude of N2O loss, as measured from samples collected at the tile outlets, demonstrated significant episodic emissions. Annual cumulative dissolved N2O emissions ranged from 0.1 to 5.69 kg N ha−1 (mean 0.83 kg N ha−1), while emissions from the soil surface were 0.09–1.16 kg N ha−1 (mean 0.33 kg N ha−1). N2O emissions in tile water were not significantly affected by the form of N applied, however tile drain length significantly impacted tile water N2O concentration. IPCC coefficients for N2O emissions from agricultural drainage water would underestimate actual N2O emissions at this site.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".