Estimation of the onset of exposure risk for <i>Dirofilaria immitis</i> (heartworm) in selected cities in Ontario from 1996 to 2023.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: (causative agent of heartworm disease) is a mosquito-borne parasite that is endemic in canids internationally and can cause serious disease in dogs. Objective: exposure risk in multiple cities in Ontario. In addition, the potential impact of an increase in the daily mean temperature was evaluated. Animals and procedure: exposure risk for dogs within a calendar year was estimated for multiple cities in Ontario, based on the time to accumulation of 130 heartworm development units (HDUs). Results: The earliest date of accumulation of 130 HDUs between 1996 and 2023 was May 25 (Windsor in 2012), and the latest was August 7 (Thunder Bay in 2004, Tobermory in 2014). The median date ranged from June 7 (Windsor) to July 18 (Thunder Bay). There were no significant changes in onset date over the study period for any location (all Q > 0.12).When 1°C was added to the mean daily temperature, the date until 130 HDUs was reached decreased by a median of 4.5 d for Windsor (range: 2 to 12 d), 7 d for Sault Ste. Marie (range: 4 to 17 d), and 6 d for Kitchener-Waterloo (range: 3 to 11 d). This resulted in an earliest date of May 19 for Windsor, June 8 for Kitchener-Waterloo, and June 18 for Sault Ste. Marie. Conclusion and clinical relevance: Described data suggest that current recommendations for heartworm prophylaxis in Ontario still provide abundant coverage for the estimated onset of risk, even when factors that could result in an earlier onset are considered.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".