Comparison of the Prevalence of Liver Fluke Infection in Native Cattle and Native Swamp Buffaloes in Luang Prabang Province, Laos
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study aimed to survey the prevalence of Fasciola spp. infection in cattle and buffaloes in Luang Prabang province, Lao PDR (Laos). To determine the prevalence of Fasciola spp. a total of 100 individual fecal samples (50 from buffaloes and 50 from cattle) were collected from smallholder farms in seven locations within Luang Prabang province. The samples were examined in the lab using the Benedek Sedimentation method and Mc Master egg counting techniques. The results showed an apparent prevalence of Fasciola spp. infection of 12% across all herds, with 5 native swamp buffaloes (5%) and 7 native cattle (7%) infected. When comparing three age groups, it was discovered that 25% (5/20) of all buffaloes infected with Fasciola spp. were 1-3 years old, accounting for 10% of all buffaloes. Among the cattle, 7 infected individuals were 1-3 years old, representing 14% of the 50 cattle sampled. Specifically, 20% (3/15) of cattle aged 1-3 years were infected, 14.29% (2/14) of less than a year old were infected, and 9.52% of cattle older than three years were infected. The results indicate that the highest mean infection rate occurred in animals aged 1 to 3 years (P < 0.05). A comparison between species revealed no significant effect of species on the prevalence of Fasciola spp. (P > 0.05). Farmers in the seven villages raised large ruminants on a free-range basis in paddy rice fields post-harvest and on natural fodder and pasture grass. Therefore, further research on the comparative prevalence of Fasciola spp. infection in cattle and buffaloes across different seasons and farm systems is recommended.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".