Water Quality Assessment and Evaluation of the Human Health Risk of Tap Water Use in the Karbala Governorate, Iraq
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The availability of tap water sources is an important aspect of public health. Radon concentrations in water are an important source of water pollution. The water quality in seven Karbala sites in Iraq was evaluated using five parameters: temperature (T), total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and salinity (S). The 222Rn levels in the tap water samples were studied using a CR-39 detector. The concentrations of radon gas in the tap water samples were less than the accepted international limit of 11.1 Bq L–1, and the annual effective dose was less than the required international value of 1 mSv year–1. Therefore, the tap water used in all areas of the Karbala governorate is safe in terms of its 222Rn content. Water temperatures in Karbala City are below the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) standard limit of 15°C, except for the Northern Drainage (Al-Shariea Site), where the temperature is above the limit because of the different intended sampling and the hot Iraqi environment. The TDS difference measured in tap water is greater than the water level limit of 500 mg L–1 set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and CCME, and the measured pH values were within the standard ranges, 6.5–8.5 and 6.5–9, defined by the WHO and CCME, respectively. All water samples had electrical conductivities above the WHO requirement of 1000 S cm–1 but below the CCME standard of 1500 S cm–1. The content of primary cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+) and heavy metals (zinc, copper, nickel, lead, and cadmium) was determined by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS),. Primary cations follow the order Na+ > K+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+, and heavy metal ions, the order Zn2+ > Pb2+ > Cu2+ > Cd2+ > Ni2+. The average readings for Pb2+ and K+ were greater than the optional safe levels recommended by the CCME and WHO.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".