The mitochondrial function of peripheral blood cells in cognitive frailty patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Cognitive frailty (CF), characterized by the coexistence of physical frailty and cognitive impairment, is linked to increased morbidity and mortality in older adults. While CF has been linked to multiple physiological and lifestyle factors, the underlying biological mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study investigated the risk factors for CF and explored the relationship between mitochondrial function and CF in hospitalized patients. Methods A total of 279 hospitalized individuals were recruited from December 2020 to August 2022, conducted comprehensive clinical assessments, and collected peripheral blood samples. CF was evaluated using the Physical Frailty Phenotype and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scales. Nutritional status was assessed with the Mini Nutritional Assessment, and depression was measured using the Geriatric Depression Scale. DNA was obtained from the peripheral blood and interrogated for mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from peripheral blood were examined for respiratory function and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Additionally, plasma samples were analyzed for inflammatory markers and Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase II (CPT2). Results Among the participants, 90 were classified as CF and 46 as non-CF. Logistic regression analysis revealed that increased age (OR 1.156, 95% CI 1.064–1.255), lower educational attainment (OR 0.115, 95% CI 0.024–0.550), malnutrition (OR 0.713, 95% CI 0.522–0.973), and higher depression scores (OR 1.345, 95% CI 1.065–1.699) were significantly associated with CF. The independent t tests and Mann–Whitney U tests showed the CF group exhibited impaired mitochondrial function, characterized by reduced mtDNAcn and respiratory activity, coupled with elevated ROS, interleukin-6, and CPT2 levels compared with the non-CF group. After adjusted for age, sex, and BMI, compared with non-CF group, the OR values for the CF group of mtDNAcn and ROS were 0.234 (95% CI = 0.065–0.849) (p = 0.027) and 1.203 (95% CI = 1.075–1.347) (p = 0.001), respectively. The Sensitive analysis showed that the area under curve values for mtDNAcn and ROS were 0.653 and 0.925. Conclusion Age, lower educational attainment, malnutrition, and depression are significant risk factors for CF. Moreover, mitochondrial dysfunction, characterized by decreased mtDNAcn, impaired respiratory function and increased ROS levels appears to be a critical phenotype of CF.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".