Integrated portable gas dispersion device
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper proposes a new portable device for gas dispersion investigations based on the simultaneous measurements of gas holdup and bubble size in an integrated system. The aim of developing this device is to acquire a better understanding of the interdependence of flotation hydrodynamic parameters mainly: gas holdup (ϵg), bubble size, represented in this study as Sauter mean bubble diameter (D32), superficial gas velocity (Jg), frother type and frother concentration. Utilisation of the device can extend from laboratory to plant processes for investigating the effect of naturally occurring and residual surfactants as well as salts in process water on bubble size and gas holdup using dilution and frother equivalent techniques. Additionally, conventional methods of frother classification such as critical coalescence concentration determination of frothers can be determined as well. Lastly, a preliminary investigation into the use of bubble size and gas holdup for frother classification is explored. Experiments were performed in two-phase batch tests at varying superficial gas velocities of 0.5 cm s−1 and 1 cm s−1 and the frothers used were MIBC (methyl isobutyl carbinol), Flottec F140 (commercial frother blend of aldehydes and ketones) and Flottec F150 (polypropylene glycol). The results show the practicality and versatility of the device.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".