Inequality in accessing sexual and reproductive health for transgender people in South Asia through an intersectional lens: A scoping review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Transgender individuals face significant barriers to accessing sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services globally. These challenges are exacerbated in South Asian countries, where stigma, discrimination, and a lack of specialized healthcare support prevail. Countries such as India, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Pakistan fall behind in ensuring equal healthcare rights and access for the transgender community. Aim: This scoping review aims to identify and map the existing literature on the barriers faced by transgender adults in South Asia when accessing SRH services. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted across six databases, focusing on studies addressing the SRH concerns of transgender adults in South Asia. From an initial pool of 410 studies, 16 full-text articles and relevant grey literature were selected for review. Data were analyzed and categorized into three key themes. Results: The review revealed three main themes: (a) Barriers to accessing SRH services, including social rejection, stigma, and healthcare provider gaps; (b) Strategies to improve SRH services, such as community-based interventions and healthcare provider training; and (c) Ethical dilemmas, focusing on patient confidentiality and respectful care. Sub-themes explored the intersectionality of gender identity and access to healthcare, highlighting the urgent need for SRH resources and support. Conclusion: The findings underscore the need for tailored SRH programs and policies to address the disparities faced by transgender adults in South Asia. International support and advocacy are essential to ensure the provision of quality healthcare to this underserved population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".