Empowering sustainable development through circular economy practices in rare-earth sector
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rare-earth elements are essential mineral raw materials, but it is predicted that in a few years global mining output will not be able to meet the demand for them. The current study examines the connection between circular-economy practices in the rare-earth sector and sustainable development within the framework of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (the 17 SDGs). A structural review of the literature identified 69 relevant articles in peer-reviewed journals. There are five key findings. (1) The different circular strategies are not equally employed within the rare-earth sector; (2) the recovery strategy is the main one employed; (3) the chief challenges to the implementation of circular-economy practices are operational and financial; (4) there is a direct relationship between circular-economy practices and sustainable development, especially for SDGs 6, 7, 11, 12, and 13; and (5) robust policy will help the implementation of circular-economy practices and the achievement of sustainable development. This study is novel because it sets out the present situation of the rare-earth sector in relation to the implementation of circular-economy practices in the production and operation phases to accomplish sustainable development. It enhances theory and practice by deepening our understanding of circular-economy practices in the rare-earth sector, particularly with respect to their impact on sustainable development.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".