Alcohol-based antisepsis without the use of chlorhexidine for arthroscopy in horses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• Immediate bacterial reduction between tested protocols was not different. • Sustained bacterial reduction between tested protocols was not different. • Sole alcohol-based antisepsis demonstrated efficacy for equine hock arthroscopy. Alcohol-based antisepsis has shown experimentally to be as effective as 4 % chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) at reducing bacterial counts (colony forming units; CFU) on equine skin. Our objectives were to determine the immediate and post-surgical reduction in CFU/mL on equine skin prepared with CHG-based or 70 % isopropyl alcohol (IPA)-based (without CHG) protocols in a clinical setting with arthroscopic surgery. Our hypotheses were that the log 10 CFU/mL reduction would not significantly differ between protocols immediately after preparation or at the end of surgery. Six horses underwent a 40 min bilateral tarsocrural joint arthroscopy with each limb randomly assigned to Group A or B. Group A tarsocrural joints underwent a rough scrub using 4 % CHG and a 5 min sterile scrub using 2 % CHG. Group B underwent a rough scrub with neutral soap followed by a 90 s sterile scrub with IPA. Samples were collected before rough scrub (T0), immediately after sterile scrub (T1), and end of surgery (T2). CFU/mL were determined in duplicate and were log-transformed and averaged. ANOVA models compared the immediate reduction (T0-T1) and sustained reduction (T0-T2) between treatment groups. The immediate and sustained log10CFU/mL reduction between groups was not different ( P = 0.46, P = 0.42). Both groups achieved at least a 2-log immediate and sustained reduction. Limitations include small population size, short surgical duration, length of follow-up, and researchers were not blinded to treatment during sampling. This study demonstrates efficacy of IPA-based antisepsis, without the need for CHG, and supports further investigation in clinical surgery as an acceptable method of surgical site preparation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".