Could new records of parasitic cestode <i>Nybelinia surmenicola</i> in Dolly Varden (<i>Salvelinus malma</i>) from the Beaufort Sea indicate increased presence of salmon shark (<i>Lamna ditropis</i>) in the Arctic?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Parasitological investigations of anadromous Dolly Varden ( Salvelinus malma) (Walbaum, 1792) harvested along the Canadian Beaufort Sea coast in summer 2021 and 2022 revealed infections by the parasitic cestode Nybelinia surmenicola (Okada in Dollfus, 1929) (2% and 0.8% prevalence, respectively) whose only documented final host is salmon shark ( Lamna ditropis) (Hubbs and Follett, 1947), which to date has been documented only once in the Arctic. Infection rates were low as only two fish, captured in consecutive years, were infected with a single worm at the plerocercoid stage in their stomach. These infections are the first record of the parasite in the Arctic Ocean and for Dolly Varden in North America. The source of infection in both fishes was likely from consuming a euphausiid, presumably Thysanoessa raschii (M. Sars, 1863), which is an infrequent prey of Dolly Varden and a known first host of the parasite, that became infected by consuming N. surmenicola eggs expelled by salmon shark. The euphausiids presumably originated from the Bering Sea and were actively transported by currents into the Arctic Ocean yet it is unknown where their infection occurred. Given the amount of time for exogenous feeding to begin, the presumed rate of transport and time spent feeding in Arctic waters (i.e., Chukchi and Beaufort seas), we infer the infection of euphausiids most likely occurred in the Arctic, which suggests the presence of salmon shark. Additionally, the findings provide evidence that salmon shark may becoming increasingly prevalent in Arctic waters in recent years due to climate change. Our observation underscores the utility of parasitological information for surveillance for detecting climate-related change in Arctic marine biodiversity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".