Tailored production of butyric acid from mixed culture fermentation of food waste
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Volatile fatty acids (VFA) are high-value-added products obtained from the fermentation of waste feedstock. These are generally produced as a VFA mixture of C2 - C6 acids through mixed culture fermentation. The prospect of tailoring the process conditions in mixed culture fermentation is attractive since it can produce a predominance of a target VFA without the need for a sterile, pure culture-based process. Among VFAs, butyric acid has a wide range of industrial applications which are currently met by chemical synthesis. This study showed a targeted production of butyric acid in a mixed culture VFA fermentation under psychrophilic temperature. Compared to mesophilic conditions, the butyric acid produced at 17°C accumulated to up to 7 days at 0.5 g/L compared to in 37°C where it was not detected after day 1. The microbial community study showed the increased abundance of Sporosarcina and Solibacillus genus which degrades proteins, aiding the Clostridium_sensu_stricto spp. in producing butyric acid potentially through protein degradation. Within the detected bacterial diversity showing a lower Shannon index of 0.84 at 17ºC, these genera also showed a higher abundance. For further enhancing the hydrolysis, thermal-alkaline pretreatment of food waste was performed. However, it reduced the subsequent production of butyric acid as compared to untreated food waste. Under 17ºC, butyric acid’s concentration was 0.06 g/L, while at 37ºC, it was 0.12 g/L. This showed that intrinsic microflora of food waste was essential for its production. This selective accumulation of butyric acid over other VFAs offers a means of targeted VFA production using mixed culture fermentation under psychrophilic temperature. • Sustained accumulation of butyric acid under 17°C than 37°C. • Most abundant genus found were Solibacillus and Sporosarcina. • Butyric acid is generated under 17°C potentially due to protein degradation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".