Tailored production of butyric acid from mixed culture fermentation of food waste
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Volatile fatty acids (VFA) are high-value-added products obtained from the fermentation of waste feedstock. These are generally produced as a VFA mixture of C2 - C6 acids through mixed culture fermentation. The prospect of tailoring the process conditions in mixed culture fermentation is attractive since it can produce a predominance of a target VFA without the need for a sterile, pure culture-based process. Among VFAs, butyric acid has a wide range of industrial applications which are currently met by chemical synthesis. This study showed a targeted production of butyric acid in a mixed culture VFA fermentation under psychrophilic temperature. Compared to mesophilic conditions, the butyric acid produced at 17°C accumulated to up to 7 days at 0.5 g/L compared to in 37°C where it was not detected after day 1. The microbial community study showed the increased abundance of Sporosarcina and Solibacillus genus which degrades proteins, aiding the Clostridium_sensu_stricto spp. in producing butyric acid potentially through protein degradation. Within the detected bacterial diversity showing a lower Shannon index of 0.84 at 17ºC, these genera also showed a higher abundance. For further enhancing the hydrolysis, thermal-alkaline pretreatment of food waste was performed. However, it reduced the subsequent production of butyric acid as compared to untreated food waste. Under 17ºC, butyric acid’s concentration was 0.06 g/L, while at 37ºC, it was 0.12 g/L. This showed that intrinsic microflora of food waste was essential for its production. This selective accumulation of butyric acid over other VFAs offers a means of targeted VFA production using mixed culture fermentation under psychrophilic temperature. • Sustained accumulation of butyric acid under 17°C than 37°C. • Most abundant genus found were Solibacillus and Sporosarcina. • Butyric acid is generated under 17°C potentially due to protein degradation.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it