Detection of Oral Testosterone Undecanoate Administration in UGT2B17 <i>del/del</i> and <i>del/ins</i> Individuals. Part II: Urinary Endogenous Steroid Sulfate Markers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The detection of endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids misuse in Asian population using the Steroidal Module of the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) is a challenge due to the high prevalence of UGT2B17 gene deletion polymorphism with low levels of testosterone (T) glucuronide. In this study, the capabilities of different approaches based on urine analysis for the detection of oral T undecanoate administration were evaluated in 13 Asian volunteers, including 11 subjects with del/del genotype and 2 subjects with del/ins genotype. In the first part of the work, the effect on the urinary steroid profile (SP) and on the isotope ratio mass spectrometry markers was evaluated. In this second part, the effect on endogenous sulfate markers was evaluated. Results showed that the oral T administration is detected for a much longer period of time with sulfate markers than with the conventional urinary SP markers. Androstanediol sulfate 1 (Diol-S1)/dehydroandrosterone sulfate (DHA-S) and epiandrosterone sulfate (epiA-S)/DHA-S ratios were the most diagnostic parameters for longitudinal monitoring, as reported for Caucasian volunteers in a previous work. For most subjects, sulfate markers allowed the detection of suspicious samples up to 144 h. Combinations of sulfate and glucuronide markers improved the sensitivity in comparison with the conventional SP markers, but yielded poorer results than the best sulfate ratios. Based on the results of this study and previous works, sulfate EAAS metabolites provide a consistent improvement in the detectability of T administration in both Caucasian and Asian populations. Their incorporation into the ABP should be considered.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".