Hypertensive Response to Exercise in Normotensive Men and Women with Abdominal Obesity: Association with Subclinical Adverse Cardiac Remodeling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Hypertensive response to exercise (HRE) is an established risk factor for cardiovascular events. HRE is prevalent among people with excess adiposity. Both obesity and HRE have been individually associated with adverse cardiac remodeling. We hypothesized that HRE would be associated with adverse measures of cardiac structure and function in a subgroup of individuals with abdominal obesity. Methods: In a subgroup of 158 participants with elevated waist circumference (women: ≥80 cm, men: ≥94 cm) and resting blood pressure (BP) < 140/90 mm Hg, we evaluated maximal exercise BP and peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) during cardiorespiratory exercise testing. HRE was defined as maximal exercise BP ≥ 90th percentile per sex and age. Cardiac structure and function on echocardiography were compared between HRE and no HRE (NHRE) groups for each sex. Multivariate linear regression was used to evaluate associations between maximal systolic BP (SBP) and echocardiographic variables, adjusting for age, body mass index, resting SBP, and VO2peak. Results: Participants (75% women) were aged 53 ± 11 years old. Women with HRE had higher resting SBP and subclinical cardiac remodeling abnormalities (increased left ventricular [LV] wall thickness, relative wall thickness, and mass) than NHRE women (p < 0.05). Men with HRE had higher relative wall thickness than NHRE men (p = 0.042). There was no difference in cardiac function between HRE groups (p > 0.05). After adjustment, maximal SBP remained associated with adverse cardiac remodeling parameters for each sex (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Among individuals with abdominal obesity and resting BP < 140/90 mm Hg, HRE was associated with adverse cardiac remodeling. HRE represents a potential screening tool and preventive target to detect those at higher risk of preclinical cardiac changes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".