Limiting membrane behavior of compacted sand–bentonite mixture
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Compacted sand–bentonite mixtures are used as waste containment barriers (e.g. landfill liners and bentonite buffers for nuclear waste) to restrict contaminant transport. The potential for enhanced chemical containment of compacted sand–bentonite mixtures due to semipermeable membrane behavior has also been demonstrated. However, the extent to which membrane behavior persists in the presence of highly concentrated chemical solutions, which have been shown to degrade membrane behavior in bentonite-based barriers, remains largely unknown. Moreover, the limiting (threshold) salt concentrations at which membrane behavior of compacted sand–bentonite mixtures is effectively destroyed have not been evaluated. Accordingly, this study quantified the limiting membrane behavior of two duplicated specimens of compacted sand–bentonite mixture comprising 15% sodium bentonite (by dry mass) by determining the limiting salt concentrations at which measurable membrane behavior was eliminated. The specimens were exposed to increasingly higher source concentrations, C ot , of boundary monovalent salt solutions (KCl and NaCl) until measured values of the membrane efficiency coefficient, ω , were effectively zero. Overall, ω decreased from an average of 0.032 to zero as C ot increased from 160 mmol/L KCl to 3.27 mol/L NaCl, resulting in limiting threshold salt concentrations for the two tests between 1.63 mol/L and 3.27 mol/L NaCl, which are significantly higher than those at which measurable membrane behavior has previously been demonstrated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".