Bibliographic record
Abstract
In our recent paper [A. Bacchieri, Phys. Essays 36, 61 (2023)], we had found that the total escape speed from all the masses in the universe, u = (‐2 u)1/2, where u is the total gravitational potential energy, (whose value depends on the location of the masses with respect to the considered point), equals the speed of light; hence, c = u, which, as known, implies the light to be composed of massive particles. The neutrinos also have a speed equal to c (hence they have a mass), but, contrary to the light, they interact very rarely with the matter, whereas the light interacts with the circling electrons; therefore, the impacts of light-matter, to surely happen, require the particles of light to be provided with a positive charge on their front, and a negative one on their tail, like an electrical massive dipole (photon): In particular, each photon turns out to be a longitudinal (elastic) particle, (λ being the length of one of them), while their continuous sequence (they are connected to each other through their tail-front electrical bond) is known as a ray of light; its frequency ν = n/1s becomes the number of photons (of the same ray), passing in the unit of time, and since photons may be considered as indivisible entities, the frequency of light and other related quantities may vary, at the atomic scale, by discrete values. Moreover, if the electron should have its proper electric charge uniformly distributed, a contrary direction incident photon‐circling electron, during their impact, could cause the electron to fall into its nucleus; this event does not happen, hence we inferred that the electron charge is like a point-particle, fixed on the electron surface and facing, during the electron revolution, the related nucleus (hence the orbit of this charge differs from the electron orbit by the electron radius). This structure implies the electron charge to be the photon‐electron impact point, while these impacts are the origin of the electron radial velocity w directed toward higher orbits. On these bases, it turns out that, in a given location (where u has a certain value), during the photon‐electron interaction, because of the electron velocity w and the related Doppler effect (causing the decrease in the re-emitted photon's frequency as well as the increase in their length (or vice versa), the speed of light becomes invariant nevertheless of any relative motion source (of light)-observer. On these bases, regarding the H atom (observed from the electron‐proton common center of gravity orbited by the electron reduced mass m r ) , we found n = 1, 2, …, 137 (instead of the claimed n = 1, 2, …, ∞), as the number of progressive circular orbits of its electron; v 1 = c / 137 , as the electron ground-state (g-s) orbital speed; r 1 = r 0 / 137 α, being α the fine-structure constant, as the electron g-s orbit; v 0 = αc, as the electron charge g-s orbital speed, different from the one ( v 1 = c / 137 ) of the circling electron; r 0 = 1 / 137 · 4 π R ∞ , being R ∞ the Rydberg constant, as the g-s orbit of the electron charge; in particular, being γ the mass of one photon related to its transit time T, we found m r / γ c R ∞ = m e / γ ν 0 = 137 2 , where m e is the electron mass, while γ ν 0 is the mass of the incident photon flowing during the unit of time, absorbed by the electron along its g-s orbit. Finally, the massiveness of light leads to a new meaning of the famous E = mc2 (involving photons and neutrinos).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.025 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.023 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".