Pseudomonas Species and Acinetobacter baumannii Associated Urinary Tract Infection: Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns and Therapeutic Alternatives
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Pseudomonas species and Acinetobacter baumannii are uncommon opportunistic pathogens in our environment, they recently emerged as significant aetiological agents in healthcare associated infections particularly in immunocompromised individuals and have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics on a global scale, this is largely due to the widespread use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as carbapenems and fifth generation cephalosporins. This study's goal was to examine changes in antibiotic susceptibility profiles of A. baumannii and Pseudomonas spp isolates over the course of the one-year study period in our facility. Methods: This was a retrospective study that involved a review of the medical microbiology laboratory records for the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Pseudomonas spp and Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from the urinary samples of patients who were been assessed for Urinary tract infection between April 2020 to March 2021. The bacteria were isolated and identified from routine urine samples using standard bacteria identification methods, including Analytical Profile Index (API). In vitro antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) to Aztreonam, Piperacillin-tazobactam, Cefoperazone, Levofloxacin, Amikacin, Ceftazidime, Imipenem and Meropenem was routinely performed by the modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test and susceptibility break points determined using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results: Acinetobacter baumannii isolates showed the more resistance rate to Ceftazidime (46.2%), Piperacillin-tazobactam (46.1%) and Levofloxacin (53.9%) but had least resistance to Aztreonam (0%), and Amikacin (15.4%). Similarly, Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were most resistant to Piperacillin-tazobactam (53.3%), followed by Ceftazidime and Cefoperazone (40%) respectively, however 60% of all Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were susceptible to Ceftazidime and Meropenem, while 46.7% were sensitive to Amikacin. Conclusion: In our setting, the empirical treatment of urinary tract infections (UTI) due to A. baumannii are effectively treated by Aztreonam, Amikacin and Meropenem. While for Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated UTIs, Meropenem and Ceftazidime can be used for empirical treatment. Finally, with the greater than 20% resistance rates to Carbapenems noticed in A. baumannii and some Pseudomonas species especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa, this emphasizes the need for antibiotic stewardship programme within our facility.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".