Sodium Glucose Cotransporter Inhibition in Acute Heart Failure: An In-Depth Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Inhibitors of the sodium glucose cotransporters were initially developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes but have since been shown to provide many benefits in heart failure, especially in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Already an established and foundational therapy for HFrEF, many uncertainties remain with respect to the use and initiation of SGLT2 inhibitors in hospitalized settings and in sicker individuals. Unfortunately, clear guidance or guidelines on this topic is lacking, but over the past few years, several trials have come out attempting to answer this question. This in-depth review aims at summarizing the current evidence not only as it pertains to the use of SGLT2 inhibitors in acute decompensated heart failure but also during acute myocardial infarction. From a brief examination of the history of SGLT2 inhibitor development to an appraisal on where along the spectrum of heart failure SGTL2 inhibition initiation should be considered, this review will also focus on potential advantages of starting SGLT2 inhibition in hospitals, the likely "sweet spot" in terms of timing of initiation, the diuretic augmentation effects of SGLT2 inhibition and how it compares with more traditional sequential blockade with thiazides, and, finally, an in-depth review of the safety surrounding the use of SGLT2 inhibitors in hospitalized patients.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".