Adherence to Introduction of Iron-Rich Solid Foods Recommendations for Infants: An Analysis of Canadian Community Health Survey Data Using Cycles 2015–2018
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Globally, guidelines on the introduction of solid foods to a breastfed infant's diet emphasize the importance of iron-rich foods. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to report on adherence to Nutrition for Healthy Term Infants (NHTI) guidance on introduction of iron-rich solid foods first in infants living in Canada and to explore factors associated with adherence using disaggregated data. METHODS: Nationally representative cross-sectional data from the Canadian Community Health Survey annual cycles 2015-2018 from biological mothers delivering an infant in the past 5 y were used (N = 7253). Age at introduction of solid food and the type of first food were weighted and then categorized by breastfeeding history. Foods were categorized as typically iron-rich or not. Correlates of adherence were explored using logistic regression. RESULTS: Most (65.8%; 95% CI: 63.7, 67.8) mothers introduced iron-rich solids first to their infant's diet between 5 and 6.99 mo of age. The most common first iron-rich solid was infant cereal (66.1%; 95% CI: 64.3, 67.9). Mothers from rural areas had a higher odds of introducing an iron-rich food first. Lower odds were observed among those from the Western provinces and immigrants. Among those who exclusively breastfed for ≥5 mo (n = 3390), 62.3% (95% CI: 59.5, 65.1) introduced an iron-rich solid food first, of these 19.7% (95% CI: 16.9, 22.6) did so late (≥7 mo). Higher odds of late introduction of iron-rich foods in this subgroup were associated with mothers who were single, never married, were of lower education, immigrated >5 y ago, and were of Black or South Asian race. CONCLUSIONS: Most infants in Canada are introduced to an iron-rich solid food first at about 6 mo of age, indicating partial adherence to the NHTI guidelines. More efforts are needed to reinforce the importance of introducing iron-rich solid foods first in the diet of the breastfed infant at about 6 mo of age.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.014 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".