Non-Breeding Shorebird Ecology and Behavior on a Habitat Mosaic in Southeastern U.S.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We studied shorebird diversity, abundance, distribution, and behavior on Bulls Island, South Carolina, a protected and minimally disturbed barrier island on the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States during the non-breeding seasons of 2018 and 2019. We recorded 21 shorebird species on Bulls Island. Average densities of shorebirds ranged from 4102505 birds per linear km of beach throughout the two study seasons. Shorebird species richness was significantly affected by the number of local microhabitats (χ21 = 83.51, P < 0.0001, n = 35) and by number of invertebrate taxa (χ21 = 10.21, P = 0.001). Foraging behavior of four focal species varied across available habitats and both location and rate of foraging were associated with greater invertebrate availability and proximity to other foraging shorebirds. Dunlin (Calidris alpina) exhibited the highest foraging rate compared to Piping Plovers (Charadrius melodus), Semipalmated Plovers (Charadrius semipalmatus) and Sanderling (Calidris alba). Despite some differences between species, foraging rates were highest on marsh relicts and mudflats in March and April, and lowest during high tide in all habitats. Aggressive interactions occurred in 12225% of observations depending on the species and were more frequent in habitats with greater invertebrate availability. Bulls Island, through its mosaic of habitats, provides conditions for a diverse and abundant shorebird community, and thus is an important non-breeding location worthy of further protection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".