Malignant Brain Edema and Associated Factors in Large Hemispheric Infarction Following Reperfusion Therapy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore Malignant Brain Edema (MBE) and associated factors in patients with Large Hemispheric Infarction (LHI) following early reperfusion therapy. METHODS: We consecutively and retrospectively enrolled a cohort of 114 LHI patients who had received early reperfusion therapy, including Intravenous Thrombolysis (IVT) or Endovascular Therapy (EVT) at the hyperacute stage of stroke between January 2009 and December 2018. MBE was defined as a midline shift ≥5 mm, accompanied by signs of herniation. Multivariate logistic analyses were conducted to identify independent factors associated with MBE in LHI patients following early reperfusion therapy. RESULTS: Among the enrolled patients, 69 (60.53%) were treated with IVT alone and 45 (39.47%) with EVT. Successful recanalization was achieved in 56 (49.12%) patients, while complete recanalization was achieved in 38 (33.33%) patients. After early reperfusion therapy, 50 (43.86%) developed MBE in LHI patients. The MBE group showed higher rates of in-hospital death (54% vs. 4.69%), 3-month mortality (64% vs. 10.94%), and 3-month unfavorable outcomes (90% vs. 64.06%) (all p<0.01). Neither different reperfusion therapy (EVT vs. IVT alone) nor different recanalization status (complete recanalization or not) was independently associated with the development of MBE in LHI patients following reperfusion therapy in multivariate analyses. MBE was independently associated with age [Odds Ratio (OR) 0.953, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.910-0.999, p =0.044], right hemisphere stroke (OR 4.051, 95% CI 1.035-15.860, p =0.045), previous ischemic stroke or TIA (OR 0.090, 95% CI 0.014-0.571, p =0.011), and hypodensity >1/3 MCA territory (OR 8.071, 95% CI 1.878-34.693, p =0.005). Meanwhile, patients with lower baseline Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) had a trend of higher incidence of MBE following reperfusion therapy (OR 0.710, 95% CI 0.483-1.043, p =0.081). CONCLUSION: MBE occurred in nearly one-half of LHI patients following early reperfusion therapy and was related to poor outcomes. An increased risk of MBE was found to be associated with younger age, right hemisphere stroke, absence of a history of ischemic stroke or TIA, and hypodensity >1/3 MCA region on baseline CT images.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".