Association between mild cognitive impairment and APOE Ɛ4, low education level, and lack of spousal relationship in community-dwelling older persons in Nigeria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Apolipoprotein Ɛ4 has been established as a risk factor for cognitive impairment and dementia among Caucasians; however, the relationship among Black Africans has not been consistent. Aims: This study aimed to determine the sex-related differences in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and its association with apolipoprotein E ( APOE ) polymorphism and sociodemographic factors amongst community-dwelling older persons in Kano, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: One hundred and forty-three participants (males = 65 and females = 78) were randomly recruited. APOE was genotyped from peripherally extracted genomic DNA using the sequence-specific primer polymerase chain reaction with H h al digestion. Cognition was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Basic (MoCA-B). Data were analysed using the SPSS software. Results: The mean age of the participants was 65.69 years. The prevalence of MCI was 63.64%, and females were more affected (73.08% vs. 52.31%, χ 2 = 6.609; P = 0.010). The frequency of APOE genotypes was: E3/3-48%, E3/4-25.9%, E2/3-15.4%, E2/4 and E4/4-4.2%, and E2/2-2.8%, while its allelic distribution was: Ɛ3-68.2%, Ɛ4-19.2%, and Ɛ2-12.6%. Age and years of formal education were the independent predictors of the MoCA-B score. They explained 68% of the variance in MoCA-B score, while possession of at least one Ɛ4 allele (χ 2 = 37.949, P < 0.001), low level of formal education (χ 2 = 20.035, P = 0.001), being female (χ 2 = 6.609, P = 0.010), being single ( χ 2 = 6.303, P = 0.012), and having a lower monthly income (χ 2 = 16.884, P = 0.001) were associated with MCI. Conclusions: The prevalence of MCI among older persons in Kano, Nigeria, is high and is associated with low levels of education, female sex, advanced age, low income, and APOE Ɛ4.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".