A Critique of Pashtuns’ Racial Profiling and Generalized Identity through Fatima Bhutto’s Shadow of The Crescent Moon
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The identity of Pashtuns is generally associated with the stereotypes of violence, social and cultural inferiority and terrorism, especially in the wake of 9/11. This pattern of identity has been in vogue in media discourses as well as literary works. The present study, based on a critical analysis of Bhutto’s Shadow of the Crescent Moon (2013) analyses the link between terrorism and the identity of Pashtuns. The study shows that Bhutto’s depiction of Pashtuns runs counter to that of other writers especially Khaled Husseni’s The Kite Runner (2003) and Kamila Shamsie’s A God in Every Stone (2014), and thereby offers a counter narrative to the stereotypical identity of Pashtuns. The study contends that Pashtuns are not violent and terror oriented rather its worst. The analysis is conducted under the theoretical framework of Kwame Nkrumah's Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism (1965) and supported by Pashtuns’ history and Pashto folklore. The study concludes that Pashtuns are not the perpetrators of war and violence rather its worst victims.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.016 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".