AGE-RELATED DIFFERENCES IN EVERYDAY SOLITUDE SEEKING WHEN TIME WITH OTHERS FEELS LESS DESIRABLE
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract People spend a significant amount of time by themselves. This project seeks to investigate one potential motive underlying solitude seeking in daily life, namely, to disengage from undesirable social interactions. Social relationships and interactions often involve obligations to others, particularly so in collectivistic cultures; meeting obligations can be taxing when social demands exceed one’s capacity. Seeking solitude may be a way to reduce obligation-related social strains. Additionally, there may be age-related differences in motive strength considering age-related differences in social relationship structures, with higher obligatory demands placed on younger adults (e.g., work, childcare). To examine these ideas, we used 610 repeated daily life assessments (2 times per day for 10 days) collected from an adult lifespan sample of 51 Koreans (Age range: 22-71 years; 65% female, 98% some postsecondary education). Everyday assessments of preference for solitude were predicted by the extent to which previous-day social interactions were deemed voluntary and by their interaction with age. Results based on multilevel modeling showed that while previous-day reductions in voluntary social interaction ratings were not significantly associated with next-day increases in preference for solitude, those who reported generally lower levels of voluntary social interactions showed generally higher preferences for solitude (OR = 0.70, p =.001). Age moderation was significant in the predicted direction with younger age being associated with higher preference for solitude from lower voluntary social interactions (OR = 1.02, p =.002). These results highlight a possibly restorative function of solitude that plays out differently across the adult lifespan.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".