Correlation between Neuroimaging Scores and Carotid Artery Ultrasound Features in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The recently proposed cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) score system may help capture the overall burden of CSVD. This study aimed to investigate the associations between carotid artery ultrasound features and the burden score and cognitive performance of CSVD patients. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional analysis of an ongoing prospective study. From May 2019 to October 2023, 287 patients with at least one neuroimaging marker of CSVD were recruited and underwent carotid ultrasound examination, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, and neuropsychological assessment. Carotid artery properties, including carotid plaque, intima-media thickness (IMT), β stiffness index (β-index), Peterson's elastic modulus (PEM), and pulse wave velocity-β (PWV-β), were calculated. The CSVD score was graded according to MRI evaluation. Participants were classified as having cognitive impairment (CI) or normal cognitive function (NCF) according to Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scale. RESULTS: A total of 209 eligible patients were included in the final analysis. A significant difference was revealed regarding the CSVD score between CI and NCF participants (p < 0.001). After adjusted for covariates, increased IMT (OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.04-1.37, p = 0.030) and PWV-β (OR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.09-1.51, p = 0.006) were both associated with the presence of CI. IMT and PWV-β were also associated with worse performance on attention and processing speed (IMT: β = -0.13, p = 0.011; PWV-β: β = -0.21, p = 0.011), and executive function (IMT: β = -0.20, p = 0.024; PWV-β: β = -0.33, p = 0.008). Additionally, PEM was negatively associated with executive function (β = -0.20, p = 0.009). Furthermore, binary logistic regression indicated that IMT (OR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.18-2.01, p = 0.006), β-index (OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.10-1.64, p = 0.008) and PWV-β (OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.01-1.89, p = 0.047) were independently related to a moderate to severe CSVD burden score. CONCLUSIONS: Carotid artery atherosclerosis and stiffness are associated with the burden score and cognitive performance of CSVD patients. Noninvasive ultrasound parameters of the carotid artery are capable of discriminating high-risk individuals with CSVD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".