Discrimination between <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> and <i>Mycobacterium bovis</i> using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Zoonotic tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium bovis (Mb) is a neglected disease that hinders efforts to eradicate human tuberculosis. Developing a rapid, high-throughput diagnostic test to distinguish Mb from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) isolates could enhance global zoonotic TB diagnostics and surveillance. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IRS), using the IR Biotyper® system, to differentiate clinical isolates of Mb and Mtb. Two bacterial inactivation protocols— paraformaldehyde and boiling—were tested using Mtb and BCG strains grown in liquid culture. While both methods allowed FT-IRS analysis, boiling was preferred due to its ease of use and efficiency in biomass recovery. Subsequently, Mtb and Mb isolates were analyzed using FT-IRS, and the resulting spectra were used to construct a sample classifier employing machine learning algorithms. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and a UPGMA dendrogram demonstrated clear separations between Mtb and Mb ecotypes. Additionally, a classifier built and internally validated using artificial neural networks achieved 99% accuracy in distinguishing Mb and Mtb. Further FT-IRS analysis of few available Mycobacterium africanum (Maf) strains demonstrated its capacity to differentiate Maf from Mtb and Mb, expanding its utility in regions where Maf is endemic. This is the first study to apply FT-IRS to distinguish tuberculous mycobacteria. FT-IRS proved to be a highly effective, rapid, and accurate diagnostic tool for differentiating Mb and Mtb strains, with promising applications for other tuberculous mycobacteria such as Maf. IMPORTANCE Zoonotic tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium bovis (Mb) remains a major threat due to its clinical similarity to human TB, higher rates of extrapulmonary cases, and resistance to pyrazinamide, complicating treatment. Current diagnostic methods used to differentiate M. tuberculosis (Mtb) from Mb and are limited by costs, resource needs, and technical complexity. We developed a method based on Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IRS) to differentiate Mb and Mtb clinical isolates with high accuracy. This diagnostic assay offers advantages over traditional molecular techniques by eliminating the need for DNA extraction, requiring less technical expertise, and providing fast, accurate differentiation of Mtb and Mb strains. This innovative approach can improve global diagnostics and surveillance of zoonotic TB.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".