Racialized Migrant Labour in Organic Agriculture in Canada: Blind Spots and Barriers to Justice

Organic agriculture represents a long- standing social movement to create an alternative to ecologically and socially exploitative farming. When it emerged in the 1940s, organic principles were focused on soil health and nutrient recycling (Heckman, 2006). However, as the movement gained momentum in the 60s and 70s, anti- corporate sentiment and human health concerns began to take a more prominent role (Obach, 2015). Today, it is clear that not all organic certified agriculture offers a viable alternative to the dominant industrialized food system. While many actors in the organic sector still work to maintain its values- based commitments, growth, market mainstreaming, and corporate cooptation in the sector has undoubtedly complicated the picture (Jaffee and Howard, 2010). Incisive critiques from scholars – including from radical geography and critical food studies – have shown that as organic agriculture entered state regulatory regimes and carved out its own markets, the interests of profit and capital accumulation have, in many cases, eroded its ethical foundations (Sutherland, 2013; Guthman, 2014). Critiques of regenerative and organic agriculture have also drawn attention to its foundations in Indigenous agricultural practices and knowledge, often without acknowledgement (Heim, 2020). Moreover, there is a growing body of scholarship that demonstrates that organic farms do not necessarily offer better working conditions than their non- organic counterparts, as low incomes, musculoskeletal injuries, un(der)paid internships, and otherwise poor- quality jobs are all inequities that persist on organic farms (Harrison and Getz, 2015; Weiler, Otero and Wittman, 2016; Soper, 2019). Yet, adherents to international principles of ‘health’, ‘ecology’, ‘fairness’, and ‘care’ – articulated and promoted by the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) – continue to reject the view that organic agriculture is beyond saving (IFOAM, 2020a). In particular, the principle of fairness has become the focus of increasing discussions within the sector (Kröger and Schäfer, 2014), in part because it has no commensurate requirements in regulated organic standards (Klassen et al, 2023). In other words, despite the organic movement's explicit focus on fairness, it has yet to address the unjust nature of labour in an official way. This chapter builds on previous research conducted by myself and collaborators about the organic movement's efforts to integrate fairness into organic agriculture in Canada (Klassen, Fuerza Migrante, and Wittman, 2022).

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