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Record W4406017964 · doi:10.1080/10402659.2024.2447442

Bukele’s Ultra Iron Fist: Peace, But at What Cost

2025· article· en· W4406017964 on OpenAlex
Bill Ong Hing

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenuePeace Review · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicCrime, Illicit Activities, and Governance
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsFistGovernment (linguistics)TRIPS architectureLawPopularityPolitical scienceEngineering

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

At age 43, Nayib Bukele, the President of El Salvador, who brands himself as a “philosopher king,” enjoys a 90 percent approval rating. His popularity is due to his transformation of a country that was once the murder capital of the world into a nation that is safer than Canada, according to his government’s data. Residents are free to walk in streets and lounge in parks that were former gang-controlled areas.By the end of August 2015, almost 4,000 people had already been murdered in El Salvador that year—on average one killing every hour. Largely fueled by warring gangs, by 2016, the country became the “murder capital of the world,” with a killing rate twenty-two times that of the United States. Violence had become normalized, schools were protected by barbed wire and patrolled by soldiers, armed private security guards stood at entrances to businesses, fear permeated daily life, shopping trips were circumscribed by safety concerns, and shopkeepers were commonly extorted by the gangs. Previous government “Iron Fist” crackdowns were deemed a failure at dismantling gang structures. However, Bukeley has taken the “Iron Fist” approach to a new level of human rights violations. The resulting calm on the street raises the question: at what cost has the apparent peace come.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: Not applicable
GenreCandidate signal: Review · Consensus signal: Review
Teacher disagreement score0.449
Threshold uncertainty score0.824

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0010.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.001
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.028
GPT teacher head0.344
Teacher spread0.316 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it