Effect of Gradation on the Permeability of Foam-conditioned Soils in Mechanized Excavation
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tunnel excavation in a soft ground is often conducted utilizing excavation machines, including earth pressure balance (EPB) boring machines. A safe and economical excavation using this method requires adding materials such as foam and polymer to the soil inside the chamber and the tunnel face to control parameters like permeability, plasticity, shear resistance, and compressibility. Using an experimental method, the present study investigates the effects of granulation, soil moisture content, and pressure on the permeability of a soil conditioned with foam. According to the results, as the effective grain size (d10) increased from 0.1 to 0.4 mm, the permeability of the conditioned soil grew from 2.28 × 10−5 m/s to 12.3 × 10−5 m/s. A rise in the coefficient of curvature (Cc), while the percentage of the materials passing through the sieve No. 200 was kept constant, increased the permeability coefficient (ki) of the specimens since the medium-grained particles (d30) became coarser. A rise in Cc and the percentage of materials passing through sieve No. 200 resulted in an initial rise in the ki due to the lack of contribution of d30 and a subsequent reduction in it caused by the rise in fine-grained materials. The ki was also found to have inverse relationships with the uniformity coefficient (Cu) and pressure. As Cu increased from 3 to 20, the ki declined from 1.23 × 10−5 m/s to 0.71 × 10−5 m/s.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it