The Colombian Santurbán Páramo saga and its contribution to the development of international investment law and arbitration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The Colombian Santurbán Páramo saga is a series of three arbitral proceedings initiated by Canadian companies claiming that Colombia’s actions with regard to the protection of the Santurbán Páramo area, a high-altitude wetland ecosystem on the Colombian Andes, had negatively impacted their mining activities. The three proceedings, which concluded with three awards in 2024, were characterized by the presence of different interests at stake. In fact, while markets represent the Santurbán Páramo as a source of gold to feed the global economy, local communities see the area as a key source of water as well as a fragile ecosystem deserving protection. From an international investment law’s standpoint, the analysis of the Colombian Santurbán Páramo saga offers the possibility to reflect on several key aspects of investment treaty provisions as well as customary international law. In this light, the findings of the three tribunals on expropriation, minimum standard of treatment, and exception clauses will likely be considered by future investment tribunals which have to adjudicate environmental-related disputes. This holds a fortiori true if one considers that more and more disputes will be based on new-generation investment agreements, which generally contain provisions like those of the Canada-Colombia Free Trade Area.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".