Postoperative evaluation of visual and cognitive functions following cataract surgery in patients with age-related cataracts: a prospective longitudinal study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction Cataracts are associated with a decline in both cognitive and visual functions. This study examines postoperative changes in cognitive and visual functions in patients with age-related cataracts, focusing on the differential effects of unilateral and bilateral cataract surgeries on these functions. Additionally, the study evaluates changes in cognitive function following cataract surgery in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods A cohort of patients (n = 35, 59 eyes) aged 60 years and older (69.9 ± 7.0 years) with age-related cataracts who underwent unilateral or bilateral cataract surgery between May and June 2024 was selected. Cognitive and visual functions were evaluated preoperatively and at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Visual function was assessed using a binocular visual function testing system based on virtual reality (VR) technology, which evaluated low spatial frequency suppression, simultaneous vision, stereopsis, and perceptual eye position under 3D viewing conditions without glasses. Based on preoperative MoCA scores, patients were classified into cognitively normal and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) groups. Results Patients with age-related cataracts demonstrated significant improvements in both cognitive and visual functions at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively, compared to preoperative assessments (p < 0.05). Specifically, both the bilateral surgery group and the MCI group exhibited substantial improvements in cognitive function at these time points (p < 0.05). Additionally, the bilateral surgery group outperformed the unilateral surgery group in cognitive function throughout the follow-up period (p < 0.05). In terms of visual function, the bilateral surgery group showed significant improvements in low spatial frequency suppression, simultaneous vision, and stereopsis at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively, compared to preoperative measurements (p < 0.05). Conclusion Both cognitive and visual functions significantly improved after cataract surgery. Bilateral cataract surgery is more effective in increasing the cognitive functions than unilateral surgery. Additionally, cataract surgery plays a critical role in facilitating cognitive recovery in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".